How To Use Covalent In A Sentence
-
In rat liver, it has been shown that tamoxifen forms covalent DNA adducts, implying a genotoxic mechanism for its carcinogenicity in this tissue.
-
These methods give rise to well resolved spectra of the protein but do not provide information about noncovalent lipid binding interactions.
-
The attractions of molecules for each other are called intermolecular interactions to distinguish them from covalent and ionic bonding, forms of intramolecular interactions.
-
Unlike other gels held together by relatively weak noncovalent forces, the new gel kept its shape even after sitting in the solvent tetrahydrofuran for six hours.
Latest Science News Features, Blog Entries, Column Entries, Issues, Articles and Book Reviews
-
Reactions of non-metallic elements to form covalent compounds are atom transfer reactions.
-
The C-Cl bond is polar covalent, Na-Cl is ionic, and the C-C bond is pure covalent with each atom sharing the bonding electrons equally.
-
Well, if it is a good electron donor in an electron transfer reaction, if the same element finds itself in a covalent bond, it is going to be a good electron donor, although it is not full transfer.
-
The two extremes of molecular bonding are ionic bonds and covalent bonds.
-
(This allows the diazo groups to covalently couple to the tyrosine phenolic groups on the enzyme)
Archive 2004-12-01
-
The bond which above all others had prevented a general application of the Berzelius theory is now commonly known as the covalent bond.
Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1954 - Presentation Speech
-
Ubiquitin is a 7.6kDa protein that is covalently attached to proteins targeted for degradation by ubiquitin ligases.
-
Pairs of electrons that are not shared in covalent bonds are lone pairs.
-
In 1916, Lewis proposed that non-ionic, or covalent, bonds are formed by the sharing of electrons between the atoms which are held together by such a bond.
-
There are two main types of bonds that hold those atoms together, covalent and electrovalent / ionic bonds.
-
The polymer moieties have a valence orbital bond to the carbonaceous particulate, such as an ionic or covalent bond.
-
Opposing this tendency is the covalent bond holding the HCl molecule together.
-
To complete an octet, each oxygen must share two electrons in a covalent bond.
-
The carbon atoms are covalently bonded and surrounded by hydrogen atoms.
-
Boron, silicon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur are among the most prevalent of the elements other than carbon that form covalent compounds.
-
High temperatures are required, however, because the metal atoms grip the hydrogen with strong covalent bonds.
-
Thermoplastics consist of long carbon chains that are covalently bonded to chains of other atoms.
-
A series of logical steps, originally discussed as postings and comments to two blogs, led to the outcome described here of a central hypervalent atom bound on one face by a small cyclic carbon ligand, with the other free face having an interaction to a helium atom with the topological properties of a charge-shift rather than a covalent bond.
Naturejobs - All Jobs
-
The bonding between the ligand and the metal ion is intermediate between covalent and electrostatic.
-
In the present analysis, we seek to develop a method suitable for a broader range of chemical environments ranging from ionic to covalent.
-
Proteins covalently associated with carbohydrates are termed glycoproteins.
-
Helicases are protein motors that use the energy of NTP hydrolysis to dissociate the hydrogen bonding between the nucleic acid duplexes and also to disrupt other non-covalent interactions between complementary base pairs.
-
In my theory there is no byproduct - nature oscillates between the desired diatomic state and molecular disassociation when the new high mobility molecule finds its covalent bond opposed by the individual atoms still trying to transition to different fractional states (relativistic).
Will 2010 be the Year of Zero Point Energy?
-
The peptide binds to the protein noncovalently; without the dissociable peptide ligand, the MHC molecule loses its stable structure very rapidly and becomes sensitive to proteolytic degradation.
-
Likewise, the element that is a good electron acceptor in an electron transfer reaction is going to be the element that is going to hog the electrons in a covalent bond.
-
In mammalian peroxidases, the prosthetic group is deeply buried inside the bulk of the protein and is covalently linked to the apoprotein through ester bonds.
-
The tosylactivated beads form covalent bonds with any available primary amino or sulfhydryl groups.
-
Finally, the singlestrand religation reaction catalyzed by the enzyme is decreased, resulting in a stabilized covalent protein-DNA complex.
-
Fluorescent quenching of ethidium bromide and of rhodamine covalently attached to DNA suggested that the DNA within neutral, reverse micelles was condensed.
-
It usually achieves its valence shell octet of electrons by 'covalent' bonding, sharing electrons with other atoms, often with one or more other carbon atoms and one or more atoms of different elements also behaving as if they wanted to fill their own valence shells.
Citizendium, the Citizens' Compendium - Recent changes [en]
-
Figure 5b, in which protonic assistance to leaving group departure is given by D232 with electrophilic migration of the anomeric carbon to form the covalent glycosyl-enzyme intermediate.
PLoS ONE Alerts: New Articles
-
Their attention is always moving, and their emotions are always covalent, that is, they're always feeling multiple things at the same time.
Archive 2009-10-25
-
In covalent halides, such as carbon tetrachloride, the bonding electrons are localized in the carbon-chlorine bonds of the individual molecules.
-
An example is the biotransformation of vinyl chloride to vinyl chloride epoxide, which covalently binds to DNA and RNA, a step leading to cancer of the liver.
Biotransformation
-
Thus conjugation can occur in molecules in which the unsaturated sites are close in space but are separated by more than a single covalent bond.
-
Brown made an important contribution to the Stadtman effort when he and a colleague discovered that a regulatory enzyme in the glutamine synthetic pathway was controlled by covalent attachment of a nucleotide, uridine.
Michael S. Brown - Biography
-
The word chloride can also refer to a chemical compound in which one or more chlorine atoms are covalently bonded in the molecule.
CreationWiki - Recent changes [en]
-
In the case of binary covalent compounds, the positive oxidation number is assigned to the more electropositive element, and the negative oxidation number to the more electronegative element.
-
Each tiny V-shaped water molecule is made of two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to oxygen.
-
Consistently, biochemical assays showed that the SpvC-catalyzed reaction can generate both double bond-containing and covalently linked products.
-
Under these irradiation conditions, another major class of oxidative damage occurs, namely the formation of covalent protein-DNA adducts.
-
Trypsin was covalently linked with chemical modified granule chitosan and was used to isolate and purify aprotinin from the extract of cattle lungs by affinity chromatography.
-
Hapten 2,4-D was covalently attached to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and ovalbumin (OVA) using the modified active ester method and the mixed-anhydride method, respectively.
-
Thermoplastics consist of long carbon chains that are covalently bonded to chains of other atoms.
-
To apply their copper-free click chemistry to living mice, Bertozzi and her group delivered azides to the surfaces of target cells within the mice via a metabolic precursor, then labeled select glycans (those that bore corresponding azido sialic acids) by covalent reaction in vivo with a panel of cyclooctyne-FLAG peptide conjugates.
Medlogs - Recent stories
-
The constitutive SrtA catalyzes the covalent binding of the minor ancillary AP2 to peptidoglycan and since its inactivation leads to pilus secretion
PLoS ONE Alerts: New Articles
-
The oxides, hydrides, and halides are volatile covalent compounds that have low melting points.
-
The chains are held together by ionic bonds, whereas individual silica tetrahedrals bond together covalently.
-
In our model a phospholipid molecule is represented by a pair of nearest-neighbor acyl chains, linked covalently to each other.
-
Thirdly, streptavidin can be covalently labelled with fluorochromes and used directly in fluoro-cytochemistry staining.
PLoS ONE Alerts: New Articles
-
The valency of an atom in a covalent molecule is the number of electrons shared by the atom in forming the bond.
-
The valency of an atom in a covalent molecule is the number of electrons shared by the atom in forming the bond.
-
In photochemistry and photobiology, it is often assumed that the noncovalent association of a photosensitizer to its target will lead to more effective damage because diffusion-limited processes are eliminated.
-
Finally, the singlestrand religation reaction catalyzed by the enzyme is decreased, resulting in a stabilized covalent protein-DNA complex.
-
It seems that heat is propagated not by the movement of energetic electrons—in solids of ionic- or covalent-bonded compounds, the electrons are not free to move—but by the vibration of individual molecules or a portion of the lattice, which is transferred to neighboring areas.
On Food and Cooking, The Science and Lore of the Kitchen
-
In a covalent diatomic molecule, a difference in the electronegativity of the atoms will result in a dipole moment.
-
In this paper, we synthesized a covalent dimer of alamethicin that was N-terminally linked by a disulfide bond.
-
Likewise the mustard nitrogen of chlorambucil should not be covalently joined to antibody, since it must be free to generate the toxic aziridinium ion responsible for DNA alkylation.
-
Organic compounds and other covalently bonded molecules do not dissolve well in water.
-
For example, electrons in a covalent bond are assigned to the more electronegative atom.
-
Epoxy compounds are highly reactive bifunctional alkylating agents, which may attack and bind covalently to DNA and cause mutagenic events.
-
The bonding between the ligand and the metal ion is intermediate between covalent and electrostatic.
-
The compound lithium hydride, LiH, is a polar covalent solid that reacts with water to liberate hydrogen gas and form basic solutions of the metal hydroxide.
-
Chemical modification as manifested in crosslinked enzyme crystal, covalent attachment of polymers and surface modification useful.
-
Strong Bonds That Make Molecules A second kind of chemical bond, called covalent from the Latin, “of equal power”, produces stable molecules.
On Food and Cooking, The Science and Lore of the Kitchen
-
The covalent linkage of the chromophore by copolymerization with MMA does not significantly alter its photophysics.
-
The group III and IV elements (boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, carbon, silicon, germanium, tin), on the other hand, tend to form covalent halides.
-
These rules are the result of assigning all electrons in a covalent bond to the more electronegative atom in the bond.
-
Scripps University researchers have developed a "covalent" immunization method that allows for near-instantaneous immunity
Ethical Technology
-
Boron, silicon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur are among the most prevalent of the elements other than carbon that form covalent compounds.
-
This electrostatic attraction, called an ionic bond, is much weaker than a covalent bond of shared electrons.
-
The two types of atoms bond together into a single structure by sharing the unpaired electrons in the outermost electron shells surrounding their nuclei - i.e., by 'covalent' bonds.
Citizendium, the Citizens' Compendium - Recent changes [en]
-
Covalently linking multiple copies of this peptide together on a flexible polyacrylamide backbone allowed them to construct from this a polyvalent inhibitor about 7500 times more potent than the original peptide.
-
Many elements form fluorides, however, that cannot be labeled covalent or ionic; these halides exhibit the characteristics of polymeric compounds.
-
For example, electrons in a covalent bond are assigned to the more electronegative atom.
-
Complex ions are ions that have a molecular structure consisting of a central atom bonded to other atoms by coordinate covalent bonds.
-
Covalent bonds between the anomeric hydroxyl of a cyclic sugar and the hydroxyl of a second sugar (or another alcohol containing compound) are termed glycosidic bonds, and the resultant molecules are glycosides.
-
Well-known covalent immobilization involves the formation of disulfide, imine, or amide bonds.
-
In exactly the same way, an atom such as a halogen atom in a covalent molecule can show spin-orbit coupling.
-
Moreover, based on these considerations, we suggest that ligands with dihydroxyphenyl (or 1,2 benzoquinone) groups could be selected for further non-covalent binding assays.
PLoS ONE Alerts: New Articles
-
It involves the covalent attachment of myristate, a 14 carbon saturated fatty acid, to the N-terminal glycine residue of a number of mammalian, viral and fungal proteins.
-
Such non-covalent biomolecule complexes can be examined with ESI.
Information for the Public - The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2002
-
Dichtel's strategy uses organic dye molecules assembled into a structure known as a covalent organic framework (COF).
Nano Tech Wire
-
When small atoms bond together through ionic or covalent chemical bonds, the compactness of the bond makes it extremely strong.
-
Ionic compounds, however, are composed of ions, not covalently bonded atoms.
-
covalent bond
-
To complete an octet, each oxygen must share two electrons in a covalent bond.
-
This also explains the Glycoconjugate ( Glycoproteins, Proteoglycans, Glycolipids ) Sugar chain of covalent connectivity combination.
-
Electronegativity can be used to predict whether a bond will be a nonpolar covalent bond, a polar covalent bond, or an ionic bond.
-
Covalent modification of pre-existing pools of inactive proenzymes produces active enzymes.
-
A diamond is a special kind of covalent network solid, because it consists entirely of covalently bonded carbon atoms.
-
Diamond is also a light material whose atoms are covalently bonded and arrayed in a cubic structure, whereas osmium is heavy, metallic, and has hexagonally organized atoms.
-
Helicases are protein motors that use the energy of NTP hydrolysis to dissociate the hydrogen bonding between the nucleic acid duplexes and also to disrupt other non-covalent interactions between complementary base pairs.
-
When small atoms bond together through ionic or covalent chemical bonds, the compactness of the bond makes it extremely strong.
-
Direct labeling involves the introduction of a covalently linked fluorophore in the nucleic acid sequence.
The Scientist
-
We conclude that HuBChE stabilization by covalent modification with soman is due to an increase in the free energy of the unfolded state.
-
Pairs of electrons that are not shared in covalent bonds are lone pairs.
-
The three shared pairs of electrons between the two carbon atoms create a triple covalent bond.
-
Organic compounds and other covalently bonded molecules do not dissolve well in water.
-
Ionicity is a measure of the degree of sharing: covalent bonds have the lowest ionicity, and ionic bonds have the highest.
-
Many nitrates are ionic in nature, but heavy metal nitrates and anhydrous nitrates have covalently bonded nitrate groups.
-
A covalent bond is a bond formed when two atoms share a pair of electrons.
-
The compound lithium hydride, LiH, is a polar covalent solid that reacts with water to liberate hydrogen gas and form basic solutions of the metal hydroxide.
-
Protein DNA binding involves a diverse range of noncovalent associations and solvent contributions.
-
These mechanisms include allosteric regulation, regulation by reversible covalent modification and regulation by control proteins such as calmodulin.
-
For this aim highly monodisperse (size 1. 6+/-0.2 nm) and well-characterized Si core nanoparticles (Si NP) were used with a surface charge that depends on the specific covalently bound organic monolayers: positively charged Si NP-NH2, neutral Si NP-N3 and negatively charged Si NP-COOH.
BioMed Central - Latest articles
-
The drugs in the latter complexes are covalently connected by a peptide linker, whereas those associated with the oligonucleotide duplexes are chemically independent species.
-
We next wanted to demonstrate the utility of sRET in conditions where the acceptor and donor molecules were not covalently linked.
-
On the molecular/covalent level, CDC covers dynamic combinatorial chemistry (DCC), an approach that, in contrast to classical "static" combinatorial chemistry based on vast collections of prefabricated molecules, implements dynamic libraries whose constituents undergo continuous interconversion by recombination of their building blocks through reversible chemical reactions.
Jean-Marie Lehn - Autobiography
-
Covalent linkage of a PKG-specific substrate analogue was localized in the catalytic core on residues 356-372, also known as the glycine-rich loop, essential for ATP binding.
Journal of Biological Chemistry current issue
-
Bond enthalpies can also be used to calculate the enthalpies of reactions involving covalent molecules.
-
In a covalent diatomic molecule, a difference in the electronegativity of the atoms will result in a dipole moment.
-
A covalent compound is held together by covalent bonds (a covalent bond holds two atoms together to create diatomic molecules, such as H 2 or N 2.
-
To encompass all oxidation-reduction reactions, it is necessary to determine the gain and loss of electrons for covalent as well as ionic and elemental species.
-
Biotin and avidin (or streptavidin) bind non-covalently with a higher binding affinity than most antigen-antibody interactions. 1, 2 This very tight binding makes labeling proteins with biotin a useful tool for applications such as affinity chromatography and immunoanalytical methods.
PR.com Press Releases
-
In the case of binary covalent compounds, the positive oxidation number is assigned to the more electropositive element, and the negative oxidation number to the more electronegative element.
-
This method appears promising for covalently bonded metals.
-
That means we came painfully close to possibly discovering the biggest Indiana Jones And The Kingdom Of The Crystal Skull spoiler of them all – whether the crystal skull is made of tetragonal ionic crystal or orthorhombic covalent crystal.
New Indiana Jones Trailer Means It’s Either Good, Bad, Or Neither
-
It correctly accounts for the structures of most covalent compounds of elements other than transition metal complexes.
-
The oxides, hydrides, and halides are volatile covalent compounds that have low melting points.
-
The transport in the trail is a kind of catenation, the ability of a chemical element to form a long chain-like structure via a series of covalent bonds.
PhysOrg.com - latest science and technology news stories
-
Chemistry Postdoctoral Fellow at Cornell, employed a strategy that uses organic dye molecules assembled into a structure known as a covalent organic framework (COF).
R&D Mag - News
-
The valency of an atom in a covalent molecule is the number of electrons shared by the atom in forming the bond.
