How To Use Polyploid In A Sentence
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We also investigated a possible DMSO effect on the frequency of polyploid and endo-reduplicated cells by chromosome counting.
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By analyzing DNA sequences of two single-copy nuclear genes and the genomic AFLP data, we assess the allopolyploid origin of A. collina-4x from ancestors corresponding to A. setacea-2x and A. asplenifolia-2x, and the ongoing backcross introgression between these diploid progenitor and tetraploid progeny lineages.
BioMed Central - Latest articles
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He was lucky to have chosen traits in his plants that are governed by such genotypic interactions by luck; if he'd observed phenotypes influenced by polyploidy he would probably have concluded that 'god did it.'
Full Text Of Obama's Big Race Speech: A Big Break With Political Precedent
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The comparison of newly formed polyploids with their haploid progenitors has revealed that nascent polyploids have a defect in stationary-phase viability.
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Furthermore, apomictic reproduction has been found in most polyploid Corollinae species, which, if transferred to cultivated beet, has the potential to improve the fixation of desired genotypes in breeding programmes.
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Feed crop breeding by polyploidy can enlarge the plant cellular size, so the plant has the thick and high stem, thick blade , and increases the content of protein, carbohydrate, vitamins and minerals.
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Analyses of the age distribution of duplicate genes in diverse flowering plants indicate that essentially all may be paleopolyploids, but this should not be equated with the polyploid speciation rate.
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a polyploid cell
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There is, however, evidence of genome downsizing in polyploids relative to their diploid progenitors in some cases.
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Different from bivalent polyploids, multivalent polyploids pair their chromosomes among more than two homologous copies at meiosis.
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Weak png mutations permit several transient S-M cycles to occur, producing embryos with a characteristic phenotype of multiple polyploid nuclei.
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More significantly, this less-than-proportional increase in genome size in a polyploid species expected from the addition of its diploid progenitors appeared to be a widespread phenomenon in flowering plants.
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Abstract: Three published estimates of the frequency of polyploidy in angiosperms 30 to 35 percent, 47 percent, and 70 to 80 percent were tested by estimating the genome size of extinct woody angiosperms with the use of fossil guard cell size as a proxy for cellular DNA content.
Junk DNA is still junk - The Panda's Thumb
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The loose interspecific or even intergeneric connections probably provide polyploids with such genetic flexibility.
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The duplicated genetic material in the polyploids facilitates hybridization and introgression among different polyploid species leading to the production of recombinant genomes that barely can be formed at the diploid level.
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This article generalizes their approach to allow for arbitrary modes of inheritance, including diploidy, polyploidy, sex linkage, cytoplasmic inheritance, and genomic imprinting.
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Scilla sinensis as ideal material in the research of the evolution of plant polyploidization.
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Analyses of the age distribution of duplicate genes in diverse flowering plants indicate that essentially all may be paleopolyploids, but this should not be equated with the polyploid speciation rate.
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allopolyploids are generated by hybridization between two related species. the hybrid is sterile. however, sometimes chromosomal doubling occurs, restoring fertility. if the two parental species are diploid, the resulting allopolyploid is called allotetraploid.
Lynn Margulis: "Definitely a Darwinist" - The Panda's Thumb
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Vegetable polyploid breeding is embarrassed by the characters of polyploid plants and backward breeding technology.
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The inferred chromosome numbers of these extinct species suggest that seven to nine is the primitive haploid chromosome number of angiosperms and that most angiosperms approximately 70 percent have polyploidy in their history.
Junk DNA is still junk - The Panda's Thumb
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Data are presented on the natural occurrence of polyploids, the induction of tetraploids using colchicine and nuclear DNA amounts of diploids and polyploids of both species.
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No significant increase in cells with chromosomal aberrations, polyploidy or endoreduplication was observed at the concentrations analyzed.
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In other words, macrogenetic changes might occur suddenly (e.g. polyploidy leading to speciation in plants), but that changes to the overall structure of the organism, changes that require coordinated changes, occurs through evolution by natural selection.
Common Descent & Common Design – An Unexpected Outcome
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In all four cases the embryos produced by mutant females had a small number of apparently polyploid nuclei rather than the normal, large number of diploid syncytial nuclei.
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Little is known about the transition from diploidy to polyploidy but in some species, triploids are thought to function as intermediates in this transition.
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Interspecific or intergeneric hybridization, followed by chromosome doubling, can lead to the formation of new allopolyploid species.
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Wheat was the first domesticated crop and is the youngest polyploid species among the agricultural crops.
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Genomic and cDNA CAPS analyses indicated that plants representing multiple populations of this young natural allopolyploid have experienced frequent and preferential elimination of homeologous loci.
BioMed Central - Latest articles
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In addition, because the evolution of higher-level polyploids is less well understood than that of tetraploids, the study of the O. tuberosa alliance and the origins of oca provides an important case study.
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Most polyploids are intermediate between these two extremes.
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Almost 50% of spontaneous abortions are aneuploid or polyploid and the incidence of numerical aberrations in live-born young is ~ 5/1000 births.
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Additionally, cytokinesis blocked cells are thought to be prone to polyploidization if the gap between the daughter nuclei is very small, resulting in incomplete or absent karyokinesis.
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About 200,000 years ago, at nearly the same time that modern humans originated in Africa, two diploid grass species hybridized to form polyploid wheat in the Middle East.
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The exceptionally low content of T. dubius units in some 2603-33 plants closely resembles the monomorphic phenotype often seen in relatively ancient allopolyploids.
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In other words, macrogenetic changes might occur suddenly (polyploidy leading to speciation in plants), but that changes to the overall structure of the organism, changes that require coordinated changes, occurs through evolution by natural selection.
Common Descent & Common Design – An Unexpected Outcome
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Little is known about the transition from diploidy to polyploidy but in some species, triploids are thought to function as intermediates in this transition.
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Hopper SD (2001) From Dampier to DNA: the 300-year-old mystery of the identity and proposed allopolyploid origin of
PLoS ONE Alerts: New Articles
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By analyzing DNA sequences of two single-copy nuclear genes and the genomic AFLP data, we assess the allopolyploid origin of A. collina-4x from ancestors corresponding to A. setacea-2x and A. asplenifolia-2x, and the ongoing backcross introgression between these diploid progenitor and tetraploid progeny lineages.
BioMed Central - Latest articles
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The results are expressed as per cent aberrant cells, chromatid and chromosome breaks, dicentrics, centric rings, exchanges, acentric fragments, total aberrations, polyploidy and SDC in Tables I - III.
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Although the cell's chromosome-containing nuclei divided normally, the cells themselves didn't divide, resulting in too many nuclei per cell-a condition known as polyploidy that's exhibited by many cancer cells.
D Mag - News
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We therefore examined patterns of loss and expression in duplicate gene pairs (homeologs) in multiple individuals from seven natural populations of independent origin of Tragopogon mirus (Asteraceae), an allopolyploid that formed repeatedly within the last 80 years from the diploids T. dubius and T. porrifolius.
BioMed Central - Latest articles
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As can be seen in Fig 4A and Fig B, the developing egg chambers in these ovarioles contain nurse cells with polyploid nuclei and a cell at the posterior that may correspond to the oocyte.
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Specimens identified as three separate species, based primarily on filament diameter and cell size, were determined to be polyploid races of a single species.
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The extent of polyploidy in target taxa and related species was generally unknown.
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My proposal regarding the human body and design isomorphism is entirely detachable from the C-value enigma, polyploidy, etc.
A Dubious "Opportunity" for IDers
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Most of the remaining plants regenerated are sterile haploid plants while a few partially sterile plants could be polyploid or aneuploid.
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Furthermore, high levels of polyploidy in many arctic vascular plant species may promote the proportion of the genetic variation partitioned within individuals, which may be important when passing through evolutionary bottlenecks [6].
Genetic responses of arctic species to changes in climate and ultraviolet-B radiation levels
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Both species are perennial, outcrossing allopolyploid grasses belonging to the wheat tribe Triticeae (Dewey, 1984; Löve, 1984).
Citizendium, the Citizens' Compendium - Recent changes [en]
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Attempts to introduce variability from wild diploid species into polyploids have taken several paths and have frequently met with difficulty.
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The gymnosperms are characterized by large genomes and relatively low chromosome numbers; polyploidy is rare.
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a polyploid species
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This article generalizes their approach to allow for arbitrary modes of inheritance, including diploidy, polyploidy, sex linkage, cytoplasmic inheritance, and genomic imprinting.
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However, neither the scale of the phenomenon nor its rapidity of onset during or following allopolyploidization is known.
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Because of its mode of reproduction and unusually large nuclear genome, it is speculated that its success as a weed could be attributed, in part, to its behaviour as an autopolyploid apomict.
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They are all native to the subtropical and temperate regions of South America, and sexual diploids and apomictic polyploids are known for almost all of them.
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There are two types of thelytokous reproduction: apomixis - clonal reproduction, which can be diploid or polyploid - and automixis, a meiosis that takes place after which diploidy is restored.
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Tragopogon miscellus and T. mirus, two allopolyploid species of goatsbeard, may have formed as many as 20 and 12 times, respectively, in eastern Washington and adjacent Idaho (USA) in only the past 60 – 70 years; multiple polyploidizations have even occurred within single small towns
Bradley Monton's Paper criticizing Dover Decision
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Ring chromosomes, chromatid exchanges and polyploidies were also observed at some treatments.
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In hexaploid wheat, chromosome and arm homoeologies within sets of triplicated chromosomes are highly conserved with the exception of a translocation involving chromosomes 4A, 5A, and 7B, which is fixed in polyploid wheat.
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Down-regulated topoisomerase II gene expression in etoposide-selected cells has also been shown to be associated with an increased rate of spontaneous polyploidization.
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Ring chromosomes, chromatid exchanges and polyploidies were also observed at some treatments.
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Furthermore, it can be shown to hold for PGE with male somatic diploidy and for polyploid apomixis as well.
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Unless a mapping population is very large, it is difficult to detect repulsion linkages between simplex markers in polyploids.
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The more recent gene-copying event in the soybean lineage was almost certainly an event known as "allopolyploidy," where the duplicated set of genes came from a separate organism that was genetically similar, but probably a distinct species from the other genetic donor.
Newswise: Latest News
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Because only homologous chromosomes pair, allopolyploids strictly exhibit bivalent formation (two chromosomes pair) at meiosis and undergo disomic inheritance for each locus.
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The results indicate that the DNA replication of parasite was continuous and it's content was high polyploidy and phase G1 of proliferating cycle was not evident.
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The process of concerted evolution can best be studied in synthetic polyploids or in natural polyploids of clear and very recent ancestry.
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As with other African acacias, A. tortilis is a polyploid complex most are tetraploids (2n = 4x = 52); ssp. raddiana is an octoploid
Chapter 17
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He argues that a cladistic treatment of data from diploid and allopolyploid taxa together will inevitably produce a wrong result.
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Analyses of the age distribution of duplicate genes in diverse flowering plants indicate that essentially all may be paleopolyploids, but this should not be equated with the polyploid speciation rate.
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amphidiploid: same as allotetraploid autopolyploid : polyploids created by chromosome duplication within a species basic chromosome number (monoploid number): the number of different chromosomes that make up a single complete (chromosome) set.
Lynn Margulis: "Definitely a Darwinist" - The Panda's Thumb
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The gymnosperms are characterized by large genomes and relatively low chromosome numbers; polyploidy is rare.
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As the present sample did not include polyploid eudicots, a similar comparison for polyploids alone was not possible.
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In terms of economics, the polyploid AD genome is by far the most important as > 90% of the world's cotton fibre is produced by G. hirsutum and G. barbadense, two of the tetraploid species.
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When the membranes surrounding the peripheral nuclei fuse to form the 6000 cells of the cellular blastoderm, they enclose 175-225 polyploid yolk nuclei within a large syncytial yolk cell.
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These include the early evolution of recombination, redundancy through polyploidy, division into chromosomes, and overlapping sequences as a means of reducing mutational targets.
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Semi-congruent splits of an AFLP Neighbor Net link not only A. collina-4x to both diploid species, but some 4x individuals in a polymorphic population with mixed ploidy levels to A. setacea-2x on one hand and to A. collina-4x on the other, indicating allopolyploid speciation as well as hybridization across ploidal levels.
BioMed Central - Latest articles
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Unisexual salamanders are polyploids, meaning they have more than two sets of chromosomes.
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Evidence that animals can monitor the linear dimensions of their organs comes from organisms with either less or more than the diploid number of chromosomes - that is haploid and polyploid organisms.
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Feeding of freshly irradiated wheat resulted in significantly increased incidence of polyploid cells in bone marrow, aneuploid cells in testis, reduction in number of spermatogonia of types A, B and resting primary spermatocytes as well as a higher mutagenic index.
NUKED FOOD
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One possibility is that the the macronucleus is not well-suited to reproduction, given that it carries a huge number of chromosomes and is polyploid to boot.
Another Protozoan and Front-Loading
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The degree of generative polyploidy is indicated using the letter ‘x’.
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But the Stayman sprang up all on its own, from a Winesap seedling in Kansas; the Baldwin and Rhode Island Greening, too, were spontaneous polyploids.
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Formation of polyploid nuclei as a consequence of failure of chromosome segregation in the presence of ICRF-193 was also reported in HeLa cells.
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In all three polyploids, the respective tetraploid and hexaploid genome sizes are slightly larger than the corresponding multiple of the diploid subsp. glaucum.
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Most higher animals and plants (including humans) have two copies of their genetic code in most of their cells through most of their life cycle (they are "diploid"), but polyploid organisms have a extra copies, usually in multiples of two so the material can be evenly divided during sexual reproduction.
Newswise: Latest News
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The inferred chromosome numbers of these extinct species suggest that seven to nine is the primitive haploid chromosome number of angiosperms and that most angiosperms approximately 70 percent have polyploidy in their history.
Junk DNA is still junk - The Panda's Thumb
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G (1940) Demonstration of the three germ layers in the shoot apex of Datura by means of induced polyploidy in periclinal chimeras.
PLoS Biology: New Articles
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Plants often fertilize themselves to at least some extent, so polyploid species can arise from a single individual.
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Many polyploids, however, have disomic chromosome behavior.
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We also wished to explore patterns of gene evolution in polyploid cotton, using as a comparative framework orthologs from the diploid progenitors.
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Given that cultivated peanut is a disomic polyploid, 20 linkage groups were expected.
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My proposal regarding the human body and design isomorphism is entirely detachable from the C-value enigma, polyploidy, etc.
A Dubious "Opportunity" for IDers
